Sh-Le-Za-Ca

Anatomy and Physiology Guided Reading Chapter 1-The Human Organism Zach Shawn Leah Carmen

1. What is the difference between anatomy and physiology? The difference between anatomy and physiology are the anatomy is a look or investigation of body and the structures of it while physiology is process of learning of functions of living things 2. Write down the six levels of structural and functional organization from smallest to largest. Use the diagram on page 3 to guide yourself. 1. Chemical Level 2. Cell Level 3. Tissue 4. Organ 5. Organ System 6. Organism 3. Write down the 11 organ systems in the body and a brief description of the main functions of that system as well as which organs are part of that system. i. Integumentary- In your body it produces Vitamin D in your body and regulate temperature in your body The organs that are part o the system are skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands ii. Skeletal- It makes your body move, produce bloodcells and store important fats and minerals The parts that consist of are bones, cartliages, ligments and joints iii. Muscular- The function is produce body movement, keep firm posture, and produce your body heat The parts that consist of are muscles in abs, cranial, legs and other bones iv. Lymphatic- The function is to remove foriegn substances from blood, fight diseases/infections, and absorb fats The parts that consist of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and lymphatic organs v. Respiratory- The funtion is to exchange oxygen and Co2 between blood and air The parts that consist of are lungs and all organs in respriatory system vi. Digestive- The function is to aborb nutrients, and eliminate waste in body The parts that consist of are mouth, esophagus, stomach nd intestines vii. Nervous- The function is to regulate sensations in body, and control the functions from brain through spine The parts that consist of are the brain, spinal cord, nerves and nervous system ix. Endocrine- The function is to influence the metabolism, reproduction and growth The parts that consist of are the glands(pituitary) x. Cardiovascular- The function is to transport nutrients, wste products, gases and harmones and to stimulate the heart The parts that consist of heart, blood vessels and blood xi. Urinary- The function is to remove waste from blood and to regulate blood pH The parts that consist o are kidneys, bladder, and ducts that carry urine

4. What is homeostasis? How does the graph below represent the concept of homeostasis? Use the terms set point and normal range. a. Homeostasis is the existance and maintenance of relatively constant enviorment within the body. b. The graph below represents homeostatis because the normal range or body temperature is like the enviroment that your in with the time and the set point detemine your body temperature and how the reaction is if it's up or down. JAYO SAYS CHECK SPELLING HERE; NOT THE BEST EXPLANATION -2

5. What is a negative feedback mechanism? The negative feedback mechanism is where when something in your body drops below OR ABOVE ( -1) the normal or average range, the body tries to make it back to normal by doing somethin like increase the heart rate to put the blood pressure back into the right range. 6.. What are the 3 components of the negative feedback mechanism and what is a description of each? - Receptor- monitors the value of a variable such as blood pressure - Control center- the brain, establishes the set point where the average is maintained. - Effector- such as the heart, can chage by beaing faster or slower. (WATCH SPELLING)

7. Use the diagram on page 8 to complete the exercise below. Choose a statement on the right side and write down the number next to that statement on the text boxes on the left in the correct order. 3 - stimulus 4- Receptor 5 - Control Center 6&1 - reaction Effectors 2-

Color the box with the receptor RED, color the box with the control center GREEN and color the box with the effector(s) BLUE in the chart above.

8. Provide another example of negative feedback in your body. For that example answer the following: i. What is the change in your body that goes outside the normal range? Your body temperature increases ii. What are the receptors that detect this change? Your glands in your pores (IT'S THE HYPOTHALAMUS IN YOUR BRAIN -1) iii. What area of the brain is the control center that receives these changes and orders the effectors to react to these changes? The Medulla (-1) iv. What are the effectors and what do they do to restore values back to the normal range? Your body sweats to cool it off and the vains (CAPILLARIES) also go to the serface of your skin to let water evaporate from them to also help cool you off. - WATCH SPELLING 9. Some people say that negative feedback is like the thermostat in your house keeping the temperature in your house at a certain level. Explain how the thermostat in your house is like negative feedback. Explain what happens when the temperature goes below and/or above the temperature that you set on your thermostat. What are the effectors in this analogy? What is the control center in this analogy? When the temprature drops below the set temprature a sensor in the thermostat goes off. That sends a message to the heater to turn and warm up the house, and when it reaches theset temperature again the heater turns off. (WHAT ARE THE RECEPTORS, CONTROL CENTER AND EFFECTORS -2)

10. What is positive feedback? is it different from negative feedback? Positive feedback is when the body add to whatever the change in homestasis. Not necassarily a bad thing but in most cases it is. (-3- WATCH SPELLING AND EXPLAIN HOW IT IS DIFFERENT FROM NEGATIVE FEEDBACK)

11.. Positive feedback can be and often is harmful to your body and can result in death. Explain how blood loss can trigger a positive feedback mechanism that can result in death. Use the graph below to guide your answer. Include the following: i. Blood loss ii. Decreased blood pressure iii. Decreased amount of blood reaching the heart

i. When the body begins to loose blood through and open artery, the heart rate increases, therefore more blood is bled out, leading to death. (NOT LEADING TO DEATH RIGHT AWAY -1)  ii. When the blood pressure decreases below normal, the blood flow to the cardiac muscle decrease therefore the blood pressure decreases even more. iii. When the amount of blood reaching the heart decreases, the heart rate increases therefore less oxygen is reaching the other muscles of the body.

12. What is an example of a positive feedback mechanism that is actually beneficial and normal in our bodies? Explain. When a woman is pregnant and about to give birth, she has contractions that help the baby come out much easier. After the first contraction, the more that occur afterwords and the harder they become. (EXPLAIN BETTER -2)

Terminology that helps you visualize and communicate the location of organs and regions in the body is invaluable for a health professional to know in order to be successful. The following questions are designed to make you familiar with that terminology. 13. If I told you to stand in the anatomical position, how would you stand? Describe. I would stand with my face directed forward. (WHAT ABOUT HANDS AND ARMS? - 2)

14.If I told you to lay supine, how would you lie? What about prone? Supine is laying face up   phone is laying face down (WATCH SPELLING)

15. What are serous membranes? What is the difference between the visceral and parietal membranes? Explain how a serous membrane surrounding an organ is like your fist being pushed through an inflated balloon. Explain what the fist and different layers of the balloon represent. A serous membranes is like a cover for the organ. THEY ARE DOUBLE LAYERED AND HAVE TWO LAYERS WITH A SPACE IN BETWEEN -2) Parietal is on the outside, Visceral is inside touching the organ. The fist represents the organ. Parietal is the outside of the plastic bag and the visceral is on the inside touching the organ(fist).



16 What are the names of the serous membranes surrounding: i. The heart? Pericardium ii. The lungs? Pleura iii. The abdominal organs? Peritoneum 17. Complete the following questions from the Critical Thinking section on page 18 (answers must be in your own words) i. #1 D

ii. #2 I think it would be negative feedback because in order for the blood to be properly circulated to the muscles, the heart rate needs to go up so the blood can carry oxygen to the muscles faster.

iii. #3 ﻿ a) Inferior   b) Medial   c) Inferior   d) Lateral

iv. #5 Proximal

v. #6 The left-upper quadrant in the left hypochondriac houses the pancreas. The lower quadrants in the hypogastric houses the urinary bladder.

vi. #8 Parietal pleura, pleura space, vesceral pleura, lung, vesceral pleura, pleura space, parietal pleura, parietal pericardium, pericardium space, visceral paricardium heart.

vii. #9 No, the parietal peritoneum surrounds all the organs and would need to be but in order to get to the spleen.