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= Anatomy and Physiology Guided Reading Chapter 1-The Human Organism = 1. What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?

physlology has to deal with the functions and the process of all living things and anatomy is the study of the human body.
 ﻿ ﻿ 2. Write down the six levels of structural and functional organization from smallest to largest. Use the diagram on page 3 to guide yourself.

3. Write down the 11 organ systems in the body and a brief description of the main functions of that system as well as which organs are part of th
i. Integumentary system: provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, and produces vitamin D. Consists of skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands

ii. skeletal system : provides protction abnd support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and fat. consists of bones associated cartligaes, ligaments, and joints. iii. muscular system : produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat. consists of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons iv. lymphatic system: removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats , disease , maintain tissue fluid balance & absorbs fats from the digestive tract. consists of the the stomach and the spleen

v. respiratory system: exchange oxygen and carbono dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pit. consists of the lungs and respirtory passages. vi digestive system: performs the mechanical and chemical process of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes. consists of the moth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs. vii nervous system: a major regulatory system that detects sensations, controls movements , physlologic process and intellectual functions. consists of the brain, spinal chord , nerves, and sensory receptors. viii endocrine system: influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions consists of glands, such as the pituitary that secret hormones. ix cardiovascular system: transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body. plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of body temperature. consists of the heart, & blood vessels. x urinary system: removes waste products from the blood nd regulates blood,ioon balance and water balance. consists of the kidneys, urinary bladder,ducts that carry urine. xi. female reproductive system: is the site of fertilization and fetal development. produces milk for a newborn. consists of the ovaries uterus, and mannary glands. 4. What is homeostasis? How does the graph below represent the concept of homeostasis? Use the terms set point and normal range.

homeostasis is the existence and maintence of a relatively consistand enviroment within the body.
=== - homeostasis is a matience of a variable, such as body temperature, around an ideal normal value. the value of the variable fluctuates around the set point to establish a normal range of values. JAYO SAYS WRITE IN YOUR OWN WORDS ===



5. What is a negative feedback mechanism? 6.. What are the 3 components of the negative feedback mechanism and what is a description of each? 7. Use the diagram on page 8 to complete the exercise below. Choose a statement on the right side and write down the number next to that statement on the text boxes on the left in the correct order.

Color the box with the receptor RED, color the box with the control center GREEN and color the box with the effector(s) BLUE in the chart above.

8. Provide another example of negative feedback in your body. For that example answer the following: i. What is the change in your body that goes outside the normal range?

ii. What are the receptors that detect this change?

iii. What area of the brain is the control center that receives these changes and orders the effectors to react to these changes?

iv. What are the effectors and what do they do to restore values back to the normal range?

9. Some people say that negative feedback is like the thermostat in your house keeping the temperature in your house at a certain level. Explain how the thermostat in your house is like negative feedback. Explain what happens when the temperature goes below and/or above the temperature that you set on your thermostat. What are the effectors in this analogy? What is the control center in this analogy?

10. What is positive feedback? is it different from negative feedback? Positive feedback, unlike negative feedback, is NOT a homeostatic mechanism. It is rare in healtly humans. Unlike negative feedback, when there is a deviation from the set point, positive feedback makes the deviation greater sometimes leading to dealth. JAYO SAYS WATCH SPELLING AND WRITE IN YOUR OWN WORDS

11.. Positive feedback can be and often is harmful to your body and can result in death. Explain how blood loss can trigger a positive feedback mechanism that can result in death. Use the graph below to guide your answer. Include the following: i. Blood loss- When there is blood loss, a persons blood pressure drops. When that happens the heart rate will increase as the heart will pump fast to make the blood pressure go back up; however instead of the blood pressure going up, the body only loses more blood and the blood pressure continues to drop. ii. Decreased blood pressure- the blood pressure drops and the heart pumps faster to increase the amount of blood getting to a certain area which will increase the the blood presure; however when positive feedback is in play, the heart pumps fast yet the blood pressure continues to drop. iii. Decreased amount of blood reaching the heart-



12. What is an example of a positive feedback mechanism that is actually beneficial and normal in our bodies? Explain. pregnancy. when a woman is pregnant and is having contractions, her contractions are a sign of postive feedback in effect in her body. JAYO SAYS EXPLAIN BETTER -4

Terminology that helps you visualize and communicate the location of organs and regions in the body is invaluable for a health professional to know in order to be successful. The following questions are designed to make you familiar with that terminology. 13. If I told you to stand in the anatomical position, how would you stand? Describe. I would stand straigh forward with my palms facing outward.

14.If I told you to lay supine, how would you lie? What about prone? I would lay on my back with my stomach facing upward. ; I would lay on my stomach with my back facing upward.

15. What are serous membranes? What is the difference between the visceral and parietal membranes? Explain how a serous membrane surrounding an organ is like your fist being pushed through an inflated balloon. Explain what the fist and different layers of the balloon represent. Serous membranes are membranes that surround the organs. The visceral membrane is in direct contact with the organ. The parietal membranes is the outer layer that is not in direct contact with the organ.The visceral membrane would be the part of balloon that is touching your fist. The parietal layer would be the part of the balloon that is laying on top of the other oart of the balloon.

16 What are the names of the serous membranes surrounding: i. The heart? pericardium ii. The lungs? pleura. iii. The abdominal organs? peritoneum 17. Complete the following questions from the Critical Thinking section on page 18 (answers must be in your own words) i. #1

ii. #2

iii. #3

iv. #5

v. #6

vi. #8

vii. #9 Nelly- Tina-green kayla-pink lyndsi-red