Melea-Julia-Andrew

Anatomy and Physiology Guided Reading Chapter 1-The Human Organism 1. What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?

Anatomy is the study of sturucture in the body and physiology is the study of the bodies functions.

2. Write down the six levels of structural and functional organization from smallest to largest. Use the diagram on page 3 to guide yourself.

1. Chemical

2. Cellular

3. Tissue

4. Organ

5. Organ System

6. Organism 3. Write down the 11 organ systems in the body and a brief description of the main functions of that system as well as which organs are part of that system.

i. Digestive: to break down and absorb nutirients; Mouth, esophogus, stomach, intestines

ii. Reproductive: to manufacture cells that allow reproduction; ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, testes, seminal vesicles, penis

iii. Integumentary: to provide a barrier between the bodily organs and the bacteria in the air; skin

iv. Muscular: to provide movement and mobility; skeletal and smooth muscle

v. Skeletal: to provide support for the body and to protect the delicate internal organs; bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments

vi. Respiratory: to provide gas exchange between the blood and the environment: nose, trachea, lungs

vii.Endocrine: to relay chemical messages through the body that control physiological processes such as nutritional absorbtion and growth: pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrendal gland

viii. Excretory: to filter out cellular waste and toxins and excess nutrients or water from the circulatory system; kidney, urinary bladder, ducts that carry urine

ix. Nervous: to relay electrical signals through the body; brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves

x. Lymphatic: to remove foreign substances from the blood and lymph, to combat disease, maintain fluid balance; Lymph nodes, tonsils, lymphatic vessel

xi.Cardiovascular:to transport nutrients, gases, hormones and waste through the body; heart blood vessels blood

4. What is homeostasis? How does the graph below represent the concept of homeostasis? Use the terms set point and normal range.

**Homeostasis is the process which stable internal environment is maintained in the body so that cellular function can proceed at maximum efficiency. The blue bar in the graph below represents the homeostatic range of the body and the black line represents the set point, which is where the body wants to stay all the time in order to work at its peak.**

5. What is a negative feedback mechanism? ** A negative feedback mechanism is way for the body to bring the body back to homeostasis if there was ever a disruption to occur (i.e. high blood pressure). A Negative feedback loop counter acts or antagonizes the condition in order to bring the body back to homeostasis. It is called negative because it subtracts (-) from the disruption. **     6.. What are the 3 components of the negative feedback mechanism and what is a description of each? 1.receptor-monitors the range of a variable 2.contol center- establishes the set point around which the variable is monitored 3.effector- can change the variable to get it back to normal and keep it in the normal range . 7. Use the diagram on page 8 to complete the exercise below. Choose a statement on the right side and write down the number next to that statement on the text boxes on the left in the correct order. [3] I [4] I [5] / \ [6] [1] \/ [2] by andrew

Color the box with the receptor RED, color the box with the control center GREEN and color the box with the effector(s) BLUE in the chart above.

8. Provide another example of negative feedback in your body. For that example answer the following: i. What is the change in your body that goes outside the normal range? You are working on a hot day and your body temperature increases .

ii. What are the receptors that detect this change? Hypothalamus

iii. What area of the brain is the control center that receives these changes and orders the effectors to react to these changes? Hypothalamus iv. What are the effectors and what do they do to restore values back to the normal range? Sweat glands, they help you sweat so that your body can release some of the moisture in it and help cool off your body.

9. Some people say that negative feedback is like the thermostat in your house keeping the temperature in your house at a certain level. Explain how the thermostat in your house is like negative feedback. Explain what happens when the temperature goes below and/or above the temperature that you set on your thermostat. What are the effectors in this analogy? What is the control center in this analogy?

A thermostat is like negative feedback because it realizes when the temperature has dropped or increased from its set point. Once it detects this change in temperature it will either turn on the heat if the temperature has dropped below the set point or it will turn on the air conditioner to cool down the house if it has gone above the set point. The effectors are the heating or cooling units and the contol center is the thermostat because that holds the information on how to keep the house at the set point. Whether it body temperature or the temperature in your house both negative feedback and a thermostat keep that specific variable at its set point.

10. What is positive feedback? is it different from negative feedback? Positive feedback is when a difference in the normal value occurs and keeps adding on to the problem creating a larger distance from homeostasis. It is different from negative feedback because when negative feedback occurs the body trys to get the value that has either dropped or increased back to its normal range. Positive feedback is not a homeostasis function ,is uncommon in many healthy people, and if experiencing a positive feedback mechanism medical attention is necessary.

11.. Positive feedback can be and often is harmful to your body and can result in death. Explain how blood loss can trigger a positive feedback mechanism that can result in death. Use the graph below to guide your answer. Include the following: i. Blood loss ii. Decreased blood pressure iii. Decreased amount of blood reaching the heart If you are injred and blood loss is experienced your blood pressure will decrease. In a positive feedback situation less blood will be reaching the heart and the heart will try to pump faster to recieve more blood. Instead of your heart pumping more blood to the cardiac muscle your acually losing more. With a decreased amount of blood reaching the heart your blood pressure drops even more which usually leads to death.



12. What is an example of a positive feedback mechanism that is actually beneficial and normal in our bodies? Explain. When a woman begins to go into labor contactions begin to strech out the uterus. The baby is pushed against the uterus wall which leads to more streching, the contractions occur until the baby has passed through the uterus and has been delivered. More contractions = More streching = birth of baby



Terminology that helps you visualize and communicate the location of organs and regions in the body is invaluable for a health professional to know in order to be successful. The following questions are designed to make you familiar with that terminology. 13. If I told you to stand in the anatomical position, how would you stand? Describe.

You would stand facing them, with your arms straight down with your palms facing forward. 14.If I told you to lay supine, how would you lie? What about prone?

Supine- lying face upwards Prone- laying face downwards

15. What are serous membranes? What is the difference between the visceral and parietal membranes? Explain how a serous membrane surrounding an organ is like your fist being pushed through an inflated balloon. Explain what the fist and different layers of the balloon represent.

Serous membranes surround organs. inner layer vs. visceral and the outer layer vs. parietal. fist- organs layer touching fist- visveral outer layer- parietal space in between layers with liquid- space

16 What are the names of the serous membranes surrounding:

i. The heart? pericardium ii. The lungs? pleura iii. The abdominal organs? peritoneum 17. Complete the following questions from the Critical Thinking section on page 18 (answers must be in your own words) i. #1 a and b

ii. #2 Student B because as you exercise you need to exhale more which increases respirtation. You breath more to help yourself at a healthy rate so that you can function properly.

iii. #3 A. the naval is inferior to the nose B. the heart is posterior to the breast bone C. the forearm is distal to the arm. D. the ear is lateral to the brain

iv. #5 Her wedding ring should be worn proximal or closer to the point of attachment to her engagement ring.

v. #6 Pancreas- right and left upper quadrant, epigastric region, left hypochondriac region Urinary bladder- Right and left lower quadrants, hypogastric region

vi. #8 Goes through the parietal pleura then goes through pleura cavity then visceral peritoneum and left lung are hit. Then out through the ulseral pleura, plueral cavity, parietal pleura. Finally going through the parietal pericardium, pericardial cavity, and lastly lodged in the heart.

vii. #9- Yes you could remove a kidney without cutting through the parietal peritoneum. If a person was laying on their stomach you could cut into their back and remove the kidney because all though in the abdomine the kidneys are behind the periteneum. blue- julia, red- andrew , pink- melea