Con-Sam-Mike-Kait

Anatomy and Physiology Guided Reading Chapter 1-The Human Organism 1. What is the difference between anatomy and physiology? Anatomy is the scientific study of the structure of the body, and physiology is the scientific disipline of the processes of the body or functions 2. Write down the six levels of structural and functional organization from smallest to largest. Use the diagram on page 3 to guide yourself. Atoms-molecules (DNA) - cell - tissue - organ system - organisem 3. Write down the 11 organ systems in the body and a brief description of the main functions of that system as well as which organs are part of that system. i. Integumentry - it provides protection and regulates body temp in your body ii. Skeletal - provides protection and support, it allows the body to move, it produces blood cells and stores minerals and fats

iii. Muscular - makes the body move, produces body heat its attached by tendons to the skeletal system

iv. Lymphatic - takes away foreign substances from the blood, lymph fights disease and maintains tissue also absorbs fats from disgestive track

v. respitory - regulates blood PH, exchanges oxygen and carbon dixoide between blood, consits of lungs, respitory passages, nose, nasel cavity, throat, lyrynx, trachea, branchi

vi. Digestive - performs mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, elminates waste.

vii. nervous - major regulatory system that detect sensations and controls movements consits of brian, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptions viii. endocrine - major regulatory system that influences metabolisem growth, reproduction and many other functions pituatary glands.

ix. cardiovascular - transports nutrients waste product gases and hormones throughout the body, it plays a role in the immune system and regulating the body temp

x. urinary - removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood ph  xi.repoductive (male) - produces sperm cells and also makes hormones and influences the sexual functions and behaviors. (female) - produces eggs for the female body and also makes hormones and influences the sexual funcation and behaviors. 4. What is homeostasis? How does the graph below represent the concept of homeostasis? Use the terms set point and normal range. homeostasis - is the existance and maintence of a relatively constant enviorment within the body like regulating the body tempature and keeping it normal. Conor Hilpl



5. What is a negative feedback mechanism? Its a mechanism that will bring any change in the body from the normal set point back to its norm. 6.. What are the 3 components of the negative feedback mechanism and what is a description of each? ~Receptor- monitors the value of a variable ~Control Center- makes the set point around which the variables are set ~Effector- can change the value of the variable

7. Use the diagram on page 8 to complete the exercise below. Choose a statement on the right side and write down the number next to that statement on the text boxes on the left in the correct order.

Color the box with the receptor RED, color the box with the control center GREEN and color the box with the effector(s) BLUE in the chart above.

8. Provide another example of negative feedback in your body. For that example answer the following: i. What is the change in your body that goes outside the normal range? Body temperature goes up

ii. What are the receptors that detect this change? Receptors in the hypothalamus

iii. What area of the brain is the control center that receives these changes and orders the effectors to react to these changes? The hypothalamus

iv. What are the effectors and what do they do to restore values back to the normal range? Sweat glands that release sweat to cool the body back to its normal temperature.

9. Some people say that negative feedback is like the thermostat in your house keeping the temperature in your house at a certain level. Explain how the thermostat in your house is like negative feedback. Explain what happens when the temperature goes below and/or above the temperature that you set on your thermostat. What are the effectors in this analogy? What is the control center in this analogy? The thermostat is the regulator of temperature in the house. If the temperature strays from the set point, the thermostat is supposed to bring it back. The thermostat is the control center. The thermometer in the thermostat is the effector.

10. What is positive feedback? is it different from negative feedback? Positive feedback unlike negative feedback that initiate to maintain or regulate functions within a set and narrow range, the positive feedback are designed to push levels out of normal ranges. Positive feedback are not homoeostatic and are rare in healthy individuals. Postive feedback therfor usually creates a cycle leading away from homeostasis and in some cases results in death.

11.. Positive feedback can be and often is harmful to your body and can result in death. Explain how blood loss can trigger a positive feedback mechanism that can result in death. Use the graph below to guide your answer. Include the following: i. Blood loss ii. Decreased blood pressure iii. Decreased amount of blood reaching the heart



Positive feedback is a decrease in blood pressure below the normal range causes decreased blood flow to the hart. The hart is unable to pump enough blood to maintain blood prussure, an blood flow to the cardiac muscle decreases. An the ability to the hart to pump decreases farther, So if you were to be shot in a major arity an your blood was flowing out than u hart was pumping as fast as it could an u couldnot stop thr hart from pumping fast or come up the wond you would bleed out.

12. What is an example of a positive feedback mechanism that is actually beneficial and normal in our bodies ? Explain. Birtth is a example of positive-feedback mechanism is birth, near the end of the pregnancy, the uterus is streched by the bab's large size. this stretching espacially around thr opening of the uterus stimulates contractions. Another important example is seen when the body is deprived of food. The body would then reset the metabolic set point to a lower than normal value. This would allow the body to continue to function, at a slower rate, even though the body is starving. Therefore, people who deprive themselves of food while trying to lose weight would find it easy to shed weight initially and much harder to lose more after.

Terminology that helps you visualize and communicate the location of organs and regions in the body is invaluable for a health professional to know in order to be successful. The following questions are designed to make you familiar with that terminology. 13. If I told you to stand in the anatomical position, how would you stand? Describe. I would stand with my face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to my sides, and my palms facing forward.

14.If I told you to lay supine, how would you lie? What about prone? Supine- laying face upwards Prone- lying face downward

15. What are serous membranes? What is the difference between the visceral and parietal membranes? Explain how a serous membrane surrounding an organ is like your fist being pushed through an inflated balloon. Explain what the fist and different layers of the balloon represent. They are membranes surrounded by organs. The outer layer is the parietal and this inner layer is the visceral. Theres a space in between the two of them.

16 What are the names of the serous membranes surrounding: i. The heart? pericardium membrane ii. The lungs? pleural membrane iii. The abdominal organs? peritoneum membrane 17. Complete the following questions from the Critical Thinking section on page 18 (answers must be in your own words) i. #1 D.

ii. #2 We agree with Student b. This is a negative feedback mechanism because the heart rate increases to bring the oxygen level back up.

iii. #3

iv. #5

v. #6

vi. #8 Parietal pleura -> Pleural space-> Visceral Pleura-> Lung->Visceral Pleura-> Pleural space-> Parietal pleura-> Parietal peritoneum-> pericardia space-> Visceral Pleura-> heart

vii. #9 Sam- purple Connor Blue