DIGESTIVE+SYSTEM+3

 Body System Checklist - Digestive System

Ingest food- Food and water are taken in through your mouth. Break down food- Food is broken down to smaller molecules that can be absorbed. Absorb digested molecules- Molecules absorbed through walls of intestines for use in the body. Provide nutrients- Provides body with water, electrolytes, and nutrients like vitamins and minerals. Eliminate waste- Undigested food is excreted from the body.
 * Major functions of digestive system **

**Describe how the __structure__ of a cell in your small intestines provides an advantage on its __function__. (microvilli)** The folding of the villi and microvilli increases the absorptive surface area of the small intestine substantially, resulting in more efficient absorption of nutrients.



**E****xplain the major parts - mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, pancreas, and large intestine - and list the __function(s__) of each.**
 * __Mouth:__ Your teeth breaks down food small enough for chemical digestion. Underneath the tongue there are salivary glands that secrete saliva amylase, a digestive enzyme.Your tongue pushes the food from your mouth into the esophagus.
 * __Esophagus__: a muscular tube that helps more food from your mouth to the stomach. The esophagus has a longitudinal muscles that contract that moves the food forward through peristatis ( a series of contraction in the muscle)
 * __Stomach:__ physical and chemical digestion take place in the stomach. They help break down the food into the smaller pieces. The mix with the digestive juices such as pepsin (breaks down proteins) and pushes into the small intestine.
 * __Small intestine:__ digestion of the food is completed, also any more food that isn't digested and broken down will be broken down here. the small intestine also links with the circulatory system.
 * __Pancreas__: secretes digestive enzymes and hormones and alkaline pancreatic juices neutralize acidity in the liquid food, that stops pepsin.
 * __Liver:__ produces bile (breaks down fat)
 * __Large intestine__: a muscular tube also known colon. water and salts absorbed by intestinal walls leave back solid material. Vitamin Synthesis occurs. Releases feces into the rectum



Describe the path food travels throughout the digestive system. Include a diagram that follows the passage of food through the digestive system. 1. Mouth- when food is chewed, saliva starts digesting carbohydrates. 2. Esophagus- muscles, in a process called peristalsis, push the food down into your stomach. 3. Stomach- everything is blended with digestive juices. Hydrochloric acid kills bacteria. Enzymes break down proteins. 4. Liver- a green liquid called bile, which is stored in your liver, is secreted to break down fats. 5. Pancreas- many kinds of digestive enzymes are made here. 6. Small Intestine- food is mixed with bile from your liver and juices from your pancreas to be sent back to your liver for more processing. 7. Large Intestine- indigestible food and water are processed, stored, and dispersed.

-Food is broken down in the small intestine, mouth, stomach, and liver. o Where is the food absorbed? State the specific places where carbs, proteins and lipids are digested and absorbed. Describe the process of how this happens. __Carbs__//-//the digestible carbs (starch and sugar) are broken down into simpler molecules by enzymes in the saliva, in juice produced by the pancreas, and in the lining of the small intestine. Starch is digested in two steps. First an enzyme in the saliva and pancreatic juice breaks the starch into molecules called maltose. Then an enzyme in the lining of the small splits the maltose into glucose molecules that can be absorbed into the blood. Glucose is carried through the bloodstream to the liver, where it is stored or used to provide energy for the work of the body. Sugars are digested in one step. An enzyme in the lining of the small intestine digests sucrose, also known as table sugar, into glucose and fructose, which are absorbed through the intestine in the blood. Milk contains another type of sugar, lactose, which is changed into absorbable molecules by another enzyme in the intestinal lining. __Proteins__-Foods such as meat, eggs, and beans consist of giant molecules of protein that must be digested by enzymes before they can be used to build and repair body tissues. An enzyme in the juice of the stomach starts the digestion of swallowed protein. Then in the small instestine, several enzymes from teh pancreatic juice and the lining of the small intestine complete the breakdown of huge protein molecules into small molecules called amino acids. These small molecules can be absorbed through the small intestine into the blood and then be carried to all parts of the body to build the walls and other parts of cells. __Fats__- fat molecules are a rich source of energy for the body. The first step in digestion of a fat such as butter is to dissolve it into the watery content of the intestine. The bile acids produced by the liver dissolve fat into tiny droplets and allow pancreatic and intestinal enzymes to break the large fat molecules into smaller ones. Some of these small molecules are fatty acids and cholesterol. The bile acids combine with the fatty acids and cholesterol and help these molecules move into the cells of the mucosa. In these cells the small molecules are formed back into large ones, most of which pass into vessels called lymphatics near the intestine. These small vessels carry the reformed fat to the veins of the chest, and the blood carries the fat to storage depots in different parts of the body. __Vitamins__-another vital part of food that is absorbed through the small intestines. The two types of vitamins are classified by the fluid in which they can be dissolved: watery, soluble vitamins (all the B vitamins and vitamin C) and fat soluble vitamins (vitamins A,D,E and K). Fat soluble vitamins are stored in the liver and fatty tissue of the body, whereas water soluble vitamins are not easily stored and excess amounts are flushed out in the urine. First we'll start off with why gas happens, gas happens when you eat. Now thats a very bland explination. When you take a bite of your food, you take in the nutrients that food has, like carbs. But when you eat, you also breathe with causes for different gas's to meet in your stomach which the way to get it out, is to belch. Now onto farts, its basically like the the same thing. When you eat you swallow oxeygen and nitrogen which stay there with you as you digest the food. Now when the gas gets into your small intestins, you have no other way to just fart it out. Gerd stands for gastroesophageal reflux disease. This is when te sphincter does not work right and the stomach acid, instead of staying in the stomach where it belongs, begins to flow back up the esophagus where it doesnt belong. Most people feel this at one point or another, and some people just feel it as heart burn. So many people and new born babies have been seen with it. so now its not just a reflux its a disease known as gerd. **ü** **What is insulin? Where is it produced? What is it used for? What can a lack of insulin cause?** Insulin is a horomone produced by the pancreas that maintains the level of glucose in the blood. Insulin is secreted by groups of cells within the pancreas called islet cells. When you eat something the carbohydrates go to through the intestines and into the bloodstream. In the bloodstream there are insuline reseptors that when insulin is present due to the glucose cells are commanded to to absord the insuline. If there is a lack of insuline than the body will go into a state of starvation. Because insuline tells cells to take in the glucose without them then the body thinks there is no glucose and takes itself into a state of starvation. Here the body uses its reserved energy such as fat and in serious and untreated cases its own muscle to put more glucose in the bloodcell. This gives people high blood suger levels which is not good which is type two diabetes. ü Find 4 fun/interesting facts about your body system. You may list the facts as sentences or use them to create trivia questions.
 * o Where is the food broken down (name all organs involved in this process)? **
 * What is gas? Why does it happen?**
 * What is Gerd? Explain.**
 * Our saliva gland makes up to 1 to 3 pints of saliva a day.
 * Muscles contract in waves to move the food down the oesophagus. This means that food would get to a person's stomach, even if they were standing on their head.
 * Amazingly the liver performs more than 500 functions, thats a very helpful organ.
 * The food you eat stays in your stomach for 2 to 3 hours.
 * After you eat, it takes usually between 24 and 72 hours in healthy adults for the complete process of digestion to occur.

 ü Explain how your system might be involved, or not involved in the driver’s injury. Cite specific evidence. ** The digestive system might be involved with some of the symptoms because the pole could have went through the intestines, liver, and pancreas. If it went through the liver this could have caused the high blood supply loss because it is one of the organs with the most blood, and since the blood pressure went down and the heart rate went up, that means that he is losing blood. If the pole went through the intestines this could have caused the blood from the rectum because blood could be getting into the intestines from the puncture in the intestines causing the bleeding. media type="youtube" key="Z7xKYNz9AS0" height="344" width="425"
 * 1) Where does the digestive system start at?
 * mouth
 * lungs
 * esophogus
 * tongue
 * 1) On average, how long does the food you eat stay in your stomach?
 * 3 days
 * 1 day
 * 5-6 hours
 * 2-3 hours
 * 1) Name a function of the digestive system?
 * 2) How are Carbs broken down?
 * enzymes
 * probiotics
 * microvilli
 * electrolyts
 * 1) An example of a protien is:
 * candy
 * bread
 * sugar
 * eggs
 * 1) Fats are rich in:
 * fats
 * energy
 * butter
 * glucose
 * 1) Insulin is produced in what part of the digestive system?
 * liver
 * stomach
 * pancreas
 * tongue
 * 1) What does GERD stand for?
 * Girls Eating Red Dairy
 * Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
 * Gastroesophageal Rectrum Disease
 * Giggly Esophogus Rare Diseas
 * 1) About how many functions does the liver?
 * 2000
 * 5000
 * 500
 * 200
 * 1) Which is the form of digestion that occurs in your stomach
 * physical and mental
 * mental and chemical
 * chemical and physical
 * None of the above