Jen-Lara-Kate-Gia

Anatomy and Physiology Guided Reading Chapter 1-The Human Organism Kate, Lara , Gianna, ﻿ Jenna 1. What is the difference between anatomy and physiology? Anatomy investigates the structure of the body. While Physiology deals with the functions of living things. 2. Write down the six levels of structural and functional organization from smallest to largest. Use the diagram on page 3 to guide yourself. Chemical, Cell, Tissure, Organ, Organ System, & Organism Level. 3. Write down the 11 organ systems in the body and a brief description of the main functions of that system as well as which organs are part of that system. i. Integumentary: provides protecting, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, produce vitamin D.   - Skin, hair, nails, & sweat glands. ii. Skeletal: provides protection & support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, & stores minerals and fat. - bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, & joints. iii. Muscular: Provides body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat. - muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons. iv. Lymphatic: removes substances from the blood & lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balances, and absorbs fats from the digestive track. - lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs. v. Respiratory: exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air, air and regulates blood pH. -lungs and respiratory passages. vi. Digestive: mechanical and chemical process of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of waste. - mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs. vii. Nervous: Detects sensations and controls movements, physiologic processes, and intellectual functions. - brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors. ix. Cardiovascular: transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body. Immune response and regulation of body temperature. - heart, blood vessels, and blood. x. Urinary: removes waste productsfrom blood and regulates blood pH. Ion and water balance. - kidneys, urinary, bladder, and ducts that carry urine. xi. things. Reproductive: formation of new cells or new organisms. Without reproduction of cells, growth, and tissue repair are impossible. Without reproduction of the organism, spieces become extinct. 4. What is homeostasis? How does the graph below represent the concept of homeostasis? Use the terms set point and normal range. Homeostatsis is the maintenance of controlling constant environment inside the body. This graph represents it by the normal body temperature near the ideal normal valure of set points. The normal range is the body temperature increasing of decreasing slightly around the set point.



5. What is a negative feedback mechanism? its homeostatic, which means it fixes any change in the body's environment. EXPLAIN BETTER -2 6.. What are the 3 components of the negative feedback mechanism and what is a description of each?

** Effector- can change the value of the variable. MAKE SURE IT IS IN YOUR OWN WORDS NEXT TIME **
7. Use the diagram on page 8 to complete the exercise below. Choose a statement on the right side and write down the number next to that statement on the text boxes on the left in the correct order.

2- blood pressure is increased.
Color the box with the receptor RED, color the box with the control center GREEN and color the box with the effector(s) BLUE in the chart above. 8. Provide another example of negative feedback in your body. For that example answer the following: i. What is the change in your body that goes outside the normal range? body temperature- being really hot

ii. What are the receptors that detect this change? receptors that monitor body temperature

iii. What area of the brain is the control center that receives these changes and orders the effectors to react to these changes? the hypothalamus

iv. What are the effectors and what do they do to restore values back to the normal range? stimulation of glands that produce sweat to reduce temperature AND WHAT ELSE (-1)

9. Some people say that negative feedback is like the thermostat in your house keeping the temperature in your house at a certain level. Explain how the thermostat in your house is like negative feedback. Explain what happens when the temperature goes below and/or above the temperature that you set on your thermostat. What are the effectors in this analogy? What is the control center in this analogy? th e thermostat regulates the houses temperature. the thermostat makes the temperature stay between a normal range. when the temperature rises and drops, it'll change so it goes to back to its normal range. the effectors are the weather and the control center is the house. ( WHEN DOES THE AC OR HEATER GO ON AND WHAT DO THEY DO TO THE TEMPERATURE?(-4)

10. What is positive feedback? is it different from negative feedback? ==== ﻿Positive feedback is a mechanism by which any deviation from an ideal normal value or set point is made greater. its different from negative feedback by the one being greater and the other is resisted.positive feedback is not homeostatic but negative is. negative is usually good or helpful towards us but positive is usually bad, unless you are pregnant. ====

11.. Positive feedback can be and often is harmful to your body and can result in death. Explain how blood loss can trigger a positive feedback mechanism that can result in death. Use the graph below to guide your answer. Include the following: i. Blood loss ii. Decreased blood pressure iii. Decreased amount of blood reaching the heart ==== A decrease in blood pressure that is below normal range can cause a decreased blood flow to the heart. The heart is then no longer able to pump the needed amount of blood to maintain a good blood pressure. The blood flow to the cardiac muscles decrease, causing the heart to slow pumping and blood pressure. ====



12. What is an example of a positive feedback mechanism that is actually beneficial and normal in our bodies? Explain. ====** When there is a pregnancy or birth. when the baby is being pushed out of the uterus walls, it stretches farther and farther causing contractions. positive feedback increases these contractions and ends when the baby is delivered/ the stretching stimulus is eliminated. **====

Terminology that helps you visualize and communicate the location of organs and regions in the body is invaluable for a health professional to know in order to be successful. The following questions are designed to make you familiar with that terminology. 13. If I told you to stand in the anatomical position, how would you stand? Describe. I would stand up straight with my face towards you and my hands hanging down my sides with my thumbs out.

14.If I told you to lay supine, how would you lie? What about prone? supine- lying on my face prone- lying on my back (REVERSE -4)

15. What are serous membranes? What is the difference between the visceral and parietal membranes? Explain how a serous membrane surrounding an organ is like your fist being pushed through an inflated balloon. Explain what the fist and different layers of the balloon represent.

The serous membranes are membranes that surround and protect the organs. The visceral membrane is the outer most part of the membrane and the parietal is the inner most (REVERSE -2). With a balloon being punched with a fist, the fist is like the organ and 2 layers of the balloon are the visceral and parietal membranes. (WHICH ONE IS WHICH (-1)

16 What are the names of the serous membranes surrounding: i. The heart? pericardium ii. The lungs? pleura iii. The abdominal organs? peritoneum 17. Complete the following questions from the Critical Thinking section on page 18 (answers must be in your own words) i. #1 ﻿ ﻿The blood pressure that is low from blood loss causes the hear rate to go down. This is an example of positive feedback. When the patient is given a blood transfusion, his blood pressure increases and his heart rate decreases. This is an example of negative feedback beacause it is helping to maintain balance in the body.

ii. #2 ﻿Student B is correct because the respiration rate increases when you excercise, so the muscles use more oxygen and you breathe heavier

iii. #3 ﻿a. inferior b. dorsal c.distal d. proximal

iv. #5 ﻿proximal- nearest, because the ring would be closest to the heart

v. #6 pancreas- right upper quadrant and left upper quadrant bladder- right lower quadrant and left lower quadrant

vi. #8 ﻿parietal pleura, pleura space, viseral pleura, lung. viseral pleura, space, parieral pleura, parietal pericardium, space, viseral pericardium, heart.

vii. #9 ﻿  ﻿ ﻿﻿yes, beacause the kidneys are in the abdominal cavity, but are in the very back, so when the person is lying down on their back (prone) they are able to get to cut throught the abdominal wall without cutting the parietal peritoneum.