Grace-Nermeen-Jon

Anatomy and Physiology Guided Reading Chapter 1-The Human Organism ﻿ Jonathan S. Nermeen K. Grace A.  1. What is the difference between anatomy and physiology? Anatomy studies the structure of the human bodies and physiology deals with the process or the functions of living things. 2. Write down the six levels of structural and functional organization from smallest to largest. Use the diagram on page 3 to guide yourself. 1. Chemical Level 2.Cell Level 3.Tissue Level 4. Organ Level 5. Organ System Level 6. Organism Level 3. Write down the 11 organ systems in the body and a brief description of the main functions of that system as well as which organs are part of that system. i. ﻿ Integumentary- hair, skin, nails, sweat glands;provides protection, regulates temp., prevents water loss, makes vitamin D precursors

ii. Skeletal- protection/support,allows bdoy movement, makes blood cells, stores minerals/fat. Bones, joints, ligaments, associated cartilages.

iii. Muscular- produces body movements, maintais posture, produces body heat, consists of muscles attached to the skeleton bu tendons

iv. Lymphatic- removes foreign substances from the blood, lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, absorbs fats from digestive tract

v. Respiratory- exchages oxygen and carbob dioxide b/w blood ad air regulates blood pH. consists of lungs and respiratory passages.

vi. Digestive-performs mechanical/chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients elimination of wastes. consists of mouth, esphogas, stomach, instestines,accesory organs.

vii. Nervous- major regulatory system that ifluencess metabolism, growth, reproduction, many other functions.Consists of glands, such as the pituitary, that secretes hormones

ix. Cardiovascular- transports nutrients, waste products, gases, hormones throughout the body;plays role in immune response ad regulation of the body temp. heart, blood vessels,blood

x. Urinary- removes waste products from the blood and reglates blood pH, ion balance, water balance,kidney, urinary bladder, ducys that carry urine

xi. Reproductive- (female) produces oocytes and is the siteof fertilization and fetal development,produces milk fro new born, consists of ovaries, vagina, uterus.(male) produces and transfers sperms cells to female,produces hormones that influence sexualfunctions/behaviors. Consists of testes, accesory structures, ducts, and penis.

4. What is homeostasis? How does the graph below represent the concept of homeostasis? Use the terms set point and normal range. Homeostasis is the existance and maintance of a relatively constant environment within the body. The value of a variable fluctuates around the set point to establish a normal range of values. JAYO SAYS : WRITE IN YOUR OWN WORDS



5. What is a negative feedback mechanism? Most systems of body are regulted bu thi, which fuction to maintain homeostatis, means that any deviation the set point is made smaller or is resisted JAYO SAYS: EXPLAIN BETTER AND IN YOUR OWN WORDS -2 6.. What are the 3 components of the negative feedback mechanism and what is a description of each? 1. receptor- monitors value of a variable such as blood pressure 2. control center- establishes the set point aroud which the variables maintain,such as part of the brain 3. effector- can change value of the variables,the heart 7. Use the diagram on page 8 to complete the exercise below. Choose a statement on the right side and write down the number next to that statement on the text boxes on the left in the correct order. 3 Stimulus4Receptors(red)5ControlCenter(green)1Effectors(blue)6Effectors(blue)2Response

Color the box with the receptor RED, color the box with the control center GREEN and color the box with the effector(s) BLUE in the chart above.

8. Provide another example of negative feedback in your body. For that example answer the following: i. What is the change in your body that goes outside the normal range? A rise in blood pressure. The control center regulates the hearts response.

ii. What are the receptors that detect this change? receptors that are located in the blood vessels near the heart. iii. What area of the brain is the control center that receives these changes and orders the effectors to react to these changes? The Center of the brain that sends signals. JAYO SAYS: -2 iv. What are the effectors and what do they do to restore values back to the normal range? effectors can change the value of a variable. JAYO SAYS: -2

9. Some people say that negative feedback is like the thermostat in your house keeping the temperature in your house at a certain level. Explain how the thermostat in your house is like negative feedback. Explain what happens when the temperature goes below and/or above the temperature that you set on your thermostat. What are the effectors in this analogy? What is the control center in this analogy? when the temperature goes below the temperature set, the thermostat kicks in and rises the tempertature.In the body, if there is a change, the brain sends signals to even out everything. Control center- Thermostat Effectors- Thing that detects the change in temperature

( JAYO SAYS-4)

10. What is positive feedback? is it different from negative feedback? Positive feedback wont try to balance out the change in the body, unlike negative feedback where it will level out the change. JAYO SAYS NOT ONLY IT WONT BALANCE BUT IT WILL KEEP ADDING

11.. Positive feedback can be and often is harmful to your body and can result in death. Explain how blood loss can trigger a positive feedback mechanism that can result in death. Use the graph below to guide your answer. Include the following: i. Blood loss ii. Decreased blood pressure iii. Decreased amount of blood reaching the heart Blood loss can be fatal when a positive feedback occurs. When there is a loss of blood there will be an increase in blood pressure. Since the increase in blood pressure occurs, its forcing the heart to pump faster thus loosing more blood. ( JAYO SAYS -8)



12. What is an example of a positive feedback mechanism that is actually beneficial and normal in our bodies? Explain. birth is an example of a beneficial positive feedback. When the uterus is stretching from the baby's size the brain sends signals to the uterine muscles. All of these contractions help with the delivery of the baby. JAYO SAYS -3)

Terminology that helps you visualize and communicate the location of organs and regions in the body is invaluable for a health professional to know in order to be successful. The following questions are designed to make you familiar with that terminology. 13. If I told you to stand in the anatomical position, how would you stand? Describe. Person is standing erect with their face foward, upper limbs are hanging to their side, and their hands are facing foward so thumbs are pointing away from body.

14.If I told you to lay supine, how would you lie? What about prone?

Laying on your back Prone- laying down on your front (belly)

15. What are serous membranes? What is the difference between the visceral and parietal membranes? Explain how a serous membrane surrounding an organ is like your fist being pushed through an inflated balloon. Explain what the fist and different layers of the balloon represent. They line and cover the organs in cavaties Visceral- in contact Parietal- not in contact with organ Your fist would be an organ and its being surronded by the ballon(membrane) the first part of the ballon is the visceral membrane because its in contact with your fist. Then there is the space in between the balloon. Finnaly the last layer of the balloon that isnt in contact with your fist is the parietal membrane.

16 What are the names of the serous membranes surrounding: i. The heart? Pericardium ii. The lungs?Puera

iii. The abdominal organs?Peritoneal

17. Complete the following questions from the Critical Thinking section on page 18 (answers must be in your own words) i. #1 ﻿ "D" because the positive feedback results in moving away from homeostasis (usually harmful)

ii. #2 Student B because muscles move more, they use more oxygen they increase the rate of breathing, the oxygen rate maintains the same.

iii. #3 A. Inferior B. Posterior C.distal D. Lateral

iv. #5 Proximal

v. #6 Pancresas-located upper left region Urinary bladder- is located in the hypogastric region Rest in pelvic cavity

vi. #8 left thoracic--> Parieta pleura-->viseral peritoneum-->Left lung (surrounded by double membrane)-->viseral pleura-->pleura cavity-->Parietal Pleura-->parietar pericardium-->cavity-->viseral-->heart

vii. #9 ﻿ ﻿  when laying on your stomach it is possible to cut the posteraial abdominial wall and move the kidney