Lac-Dia-Jackie-Anna

Anatomy and Physiology Guided Reading Chapter 1-The Human Organism ﻿Anna West 1. What is the difference between anatomy and physiology? Anatomy studies the stucture of the body. Physiology studies the process or functions of living thing. 2. Write down the six levels of structural and functional organization from smallest to largest. Use the diagram on page 3 to guide yourself. Chemical, cell, tissue, organ, organ system and organsim. 3. Write down the 11 organ systems in the body and a brief description of the main functions of that system as well as which organs are part of that system. i. ﻿**__Integumentary-__** invloves the skin, hair, nails and sweat glands. It provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss and produces Vitamin D precursors. ii. **__Skeletal-__** involves bones, associated cartiages, ligaments and joints. It provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells and stores minerals. iii. __** ﻿ **__ ﻿**__Muscular-__** involves muscles attached to skeletons by tendons. It produces body movements, maintains posture and produces body heat. iv. **__Lymphatic-__** involves lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes and other lymphatic organs. It removes foregin substances from the blood and lymph, compats diseaes, maintains tissue fluid balance and aborbs fats from the digestive tract. v. __** ﻿Respiratory System- **__ involves lungs and respriatory passages. It exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH. vi. **__ ﻿﻿ __** **__Digestive System__-** involves the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines and acessary organs. It preforms chemical and mechanical processes of digestions. Also, it absorbs nutrients and elimination of waste. vii. **__﻿Nervous System__-** involves the brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory receptors. It is a regulartory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physologic processes and intellectual functions. viii. **__Caridovacular System__-** invloves the heart, blood vessels and blood. It is responsible for transporting nutrients, waste products, gasses and hormones. It plays a role in the immune response and regulates body temperature. ix. __**﻿Enclocrine System**-__ involves glands that secrete hormones. It is also a regulartory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction and many other functions__.__ x. **__Urinary System__-** invloves kidneys, urinary bladder and ducts that carry urine. It removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance and water balance. xi. __**Female Reproductive System**-__ involves ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands and associated structures. It produces oocytes. It is the site of fertilization and fedel development. It produces milk for the newborn and hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors. 4. What is homeostasis? How does the graph below represent the concept of homeostasis? Use the terms set point and normal range. Homeostasis is the normal range that the body wants to stay at. The graph below represents the concept of homestasis because the body wants to keep your temperature at the normal range (homeostasis). When it goes away from the set point inside of the homeostasis, it trys to bring your temperature back down or back up by sweating or shivering.



Lacey G 5-9 5. What is a negative feedback mechanism? It's a funtion to maintain homeostasis. Any deviation form the set point is made smaller or is resisted. 6.. What are the 3 components of the negative feedback mechanism and what is a description of each? Receptor- monitors value of a variable such as blood pressure. Control Center- (brain) establishes the set point around which the variable is maintained. Effector- can change the value of the variable. (PLEASE WRITE IN YOUR OWN WORDS NEXT TIME)

7. Use the diagram on page 8 to complete the exercise below. Choose a statement on the right side and write down the number next to that statement on the text boxes on the left in the correct order. 3. Blood pressure decreases below normal range. 4. Receptors in blood vessels detect a drop in blood pressure. 5. Medulla oblongata in the brain reacts to blood pressure changes by sending message to blood vessels and heart. 1. The smooth muscle in the arteries around the body contract and the arteries contstrict (narrow). 6. Heart rate increases (heart beats faster). 2. Blood pressure is increased.

Color the box with the receptor RED, color the box with the control center GREEN and color the box with the effector(s) BLUE in the chart above.

8. Provide another example of negative feedback in your body. For that example answer the following: i. What is the change in your body that goes outside the normal range? Blood pressure

ii. What are the receptors that detect this change? Located in large blood vessels near the heart.

iii. What area of the brain is the control center that receives these changes and orders the effectors to react to these changes? Hypothalalus

iv. What are the effectors and what do they do to restore values back to the normal range? Change in heart beats. If heart rate increases, blood pressure increases. If it decreases, blood pressure decreases. The control center registers the change, and adjusts the heart rate back to its set point.

9. Some people say that negative feedback is like the thermostat in your house keeping the temperature in your house at a certain level. Explain how the thermostat in your house is like negative feedback. Explain what happens when the temperature goes below and/or above the temperature that you set on your thermostat. What are the effectors in this analogy? What is the control center in this analogy? It's like a negative feedback because it keeps the temerature under control. When the thermostat is increased, the temperature of the house will be hotter. If it is decreased, the temperature will drop. Too hot or too cold can be bad and uncomfortable so, whoever lives there is the control center. They would detect the change and fix it back to the correct temperature. The effectors could be and electrical glitch/problem or another person touching the thermostat. (-4, THE THERMOSTAT REACTS TO THE TEMPERATURE ONCE YOU SET YOUR NORMAL RANGE)

Diana Valderrama

10. What is positive feedback? is it different from negative feedback? Positive feedback is not homeostatic. it is rare in healthy indivuals usually creates temperture levels not to be normal. Can cuase death (NOT EXPLAINING ENOUGH -3)

11.. Positive feedback can be and often is harmful to your body and can result in death. Explain how blood loss can trigger a positive feedback mechanism that can result in death. Use the graph below to guide your answer. Include the following: (-9) i. Blood loss ii. Decreased blood pressure iii. Decreased amount of blood reaching the heart A decrease in blood pressure. Below the nomral range causes decrease blood flows to the heart. Hearts isnt able to pump enough blood. To maintane blood pressure



12. What is an example of a positive feedback mechanism that is actually beneficial and normal in our bodies? Explain. Birth is a positive feed back mechanism. Utreus streches by the baby at the opening of the canal. Causes Contractions of the uterus muscles. the contractions lets the mother be able to push the baby out against the opening uterus. (EXPLAIN BETTER -1)

Jackie Oliphant Terminology that helps you visualize and communicate the location of organs and regions in the body is invaluable for a health professional to know in order to be successful. The following questions are designed to make you familiar with that terminology. 13. If I told you to stand in the anatomical position, how would you stand? Describe. I would describe standing in anatomical position as standing straight, faciong foward, arms straight down and palms facing outward. Suspine is laying face up on your back. Prone is laying face down on your stomach

14.If I told you to lay supine, how would you lie? What about prone? Suspine is laying face up on your back. Prone is laying face down on your stomach.

15. What are serous membranes? What is the difference between the visceral and parietal membranes? Explain how a serous membrane surrounding an organ is like your fist being pushed through an inflated balloon. Explain what the fist and different layers of the balloon represent. Serous membranes are the membranes that surround organs. Visceral membranes are the part that is direct contact with the organ while parietal membranes is the outer part of the membrane. Imagine putting your hand through an inflated balloon. The part of the balloon that is touching your fist is the visceral membrane, all the air inside the balloon is like the space between the two membranes and the part of the balloon that doesnt touch your fist is called the parietal membrane. Also, notice how the balloon surrounds your whole fist.

16 What are the names of the serous membranes surrounding: i. The heart? pericardum ii. The lungs? pleura iii. The abdominal organs? peritoneum 17. Complete the following questions from the Critical Thinking section on page 18 (answers must be in your own words) i. #1 - C

ii. #2 - Negative because he is breathing harder to get the oxygen levels in his blood to a normal range.

iii. #3 - a. inferior b. posterior c. distal d. laterial

iv. #5 - The wedding ring should be worn proximal to the engagement ring.

v. #6 - upper left, hypochondriac regoin lower left, hypogastric

vi. #8 paretal pleura- pleural space- visceral pleura- lung- visceral pleura- pleural space- paretal pleura-paretal pericadium- pericadium space- visceral pericadium- heart.

vii. #9 if they are laying in the prone position, it is possible.