Matt-Chris-CR+essays

25. Chemiosmosis is the building of concentration of hydrogen ions in the __intermembranous space__. This is achieved by various key steps. First, __electrons__ are transported to __hydrogen channels__ through __electron channels__ which are located between the __matrix__ and the __intermembranous space__ called the __intermembrane__ of the mitochondria. Here, the __hydrogen channels__ are aligned into what is called the __electron transport chain__. These __electrons__ power the pumps that push __hydrogen ions__ from a low concentration in the __matrix__, to a high concentration in the __intermembranous space__. Once the electrons use their energy in one pump, they move down a chain of pumps until they reach the final channel, which is __oxygen__. After enough __hydrogen ions__ are in the high concentration of the __intermembranous space__, they try to distribute themselves evenly across the __inner membrane__ using __facilitated diffusion__, and to do this, they pass through another channel. This channel takes the energy of the moving __hydrogen ions__ and uses __ATP synthase__ to combine __ADP__ and a __phosphate__ group to make the final product, __ATP__.

26. He is short of breathe while sprinting because it is harder for him to catch his breathe. When he cannot get enough oxygen in his cells then the aerobic processes of cellular respiation cannot happen. If he was joggging then he could perform aerobic processes because he will be able to obtain enough oxygen to perform the Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain.

27. The mitochondria still made ATP because the acid added to the mitochondria will go to the matrix, where the Krebs Cycle is performed. This acid will power the Krebs Cycle, which in turn makes two ATP. The products of the Krebs Cycle also include two NADH and 2 FADH2, which can be used to move more electrons in the ETC to make even more ATP.

28. Baby Helen cannot produce enough ATP because the protein that is mutated in her body helps to move Hydrogen ions from the matrix to the intermembranous space in the mitochondria of her cells. If there is not a high concentration of Hydrogen ions, then the ATP will not run along the required concentration gradient through ATP synthase, and her body will not recieve the required amount of ATP to thrive.

29. In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide, water, and light energy are used to make glucose and oxygen. These are used in cellular respiration and essentially turned back into the reactants in photosynthesis. The formula for cellular respiration is glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water + energy. Cellular respiration uses the glucose made and breaks it down into a more usable for, such as breaking a hundred dollar bill into one hundred ones. The "one dollar bills" of this process are called ATP. Also, carbon dioxide is made during the Krebs cycle and released into the atmosphere.

30. ATP is used for many biochemical reactions in the cells throughout our bodies. ATP is used for cell energy during metabolism and it also is used when performing active transport through a cell's membrane. To get the energy out of ATP, it is broken down into a phosphate group and ADP. The energy is released when the bonds are broken between the two groups. To recharge it, the ADP molecule and a phosphate group are bonded together in the mitochondria, transforming it into ATP where it can be used again.