Dana-Nunn-Lee-Sam

Anatomy and Physiology Guided Reading Chapter 1-The Human Organism 1. What is the difference between anatomy and physiology? Anatomy is the study of the structure of the body where physiology is the process of functions of living things 2. Write down the six levels of structural and functional organization from smallest to largest. Use the diagram on page 3 to guide yourself. Chemical level (atoms), Cell level (molecules), Tissue level (muscles), Organ level (urinary level), Organ system level (kidneys), Organism level 3. Write down the 11 organ systems in the body and a brief description of the main functions of that system as well as which organs are part of that system.

i. Integumentary system- provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, produces vitamin D precuresors. (skin, hair, nails and sweat glands)

ii. Skeletal system- provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells and stores minerals and fat. (bones, associated cartliages, ligaments and joints)

iii. Muscular system- body movements, maintains posture and produces body heat. Muscles attached to the skelton by tendons.

iv. Lymphatic Systemp- removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance and absorbs fat from digestive track. (lymphatic vessels, lymph notes and other lymphatic organs)

v. Respirtory System- exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air. Regulates blood pH (lungs and respirtory passages

vi. Digestive system- mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorbs nutrients and eliminates waste (mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines and accessory organs)

vii. Nervous system- detects sensations and controls movements, physiolgic processes and intellectual funtions (brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory receptors)

viii. cardiovascular system- transporsts mutrients, waste products, gases and hormones; plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of the body temperature (heart, blood vessels and blood)

ix. endocrin system- influences metabolism, growth, reproduction and many other functions (glands, such as pituitary, and secrete hormones)

x. urinary system- removes waste from blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance and blood balance (kidneys, urinary bladder and ducts that carry urine)

xi. reproductive system- Male: produces sperm and transfers it, influences sexual behavior Female: produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization

4. What is homeostasis? How does the graph below represent the concept of homeostasis? Use the terms set point and normal range. Homeostasis is the maintaning of a constant environment in the body. The graph is an example because the set point is the ideal temperature your body needs to be at. The variables such as volume, chemical content and temperature will make them more so the body tries to stay in normal range by shivering or sweating.



5. What is a negative feedback mechanism?

Function to maintain homeostasis JAYO SAYS EXPLAIN BETTER -1 6.. What are the 3 components of the negative feedback mechanism and what is a description of each?

I. Recepter- moniters blood pressure II. control center- in parts of brain, keeps things maintained III. effector- can change value of the variable, for example : the heart 7. Use the diagram on page 8 to complete the exercise below. Choose a statement on the right side and write down the number next to that statement on the text boxes on the left in the correct order.


 * 1) 3- blood pressure decreases below normal range
 * 2) 4 - receptors in blood vessels detect a drop in blood pressure
 * 3) 5 - medulla oblongata is the brain reacts to blood pressure changes by sending messages to blood vessels and heart
 * 4) 1&#6 - the smooth muscles in arteries around the body contract and the arteries narrow, Then the heart rate increases
 * 5) 2- the blood pressure is increased

Color the box with the receptor RED, color the box with the control center GREEN and color the box with the effector(s) BLUE in the chart above.

8. Provide another example of negative feedback in your body. For that example answer the following:

i. What is the change in your body that goes outside the normal range? Body temperature goes outside normal range

ii. What are the receptors that detect this change? The recepters in vessiles detect the change

iii. What area of the brain is the control center that receives these changes and orders the effectors to react to these changes? hypothalmus

iv. What are the effectors and what do they do to restore values back to the normal range? Swet glands. They swet and release temperature from the body so heat is released and body temperature goes down to the normal range. JAYO SAYS WATCH YOUR SPELLING

9. Some people say that negative feedback is like the thermostat in your house keeping the temperature in your house at a certain level. Explain how the thermostat in your house is like negative feedback. Explain what happens when the temperature goes below and/or above the temperature that you set on your thermostat. What are the effectors in this analogy? What is the control center in this analogy?

If the house goets below the temperature that is set, the thermostat will pick it up and send a signal to the control center,Then it will blow out more warm ait which then leads to the temperature to increase. JAYO SAYS EXPLAIN BETTER -1

10. What is positive feedback? is it different from negative feedback? Positive Feedback is when your body reacts to a change in its normal range and pushes it even further out. this can be harmul sometime but also can not be harmful

11.. Positive feedback can be and often is harmful to your body and can result in death. Explain how blood loss can trigger a positive feedback mechanism that can result in death. Use the graph below to guide your answer. Include the following: i. Blood loss ii. Decreased blood pressure iii. Decreased amount of blood reaching the heart

Imagine if you cut yourself serverly, your blood pressure would drop due to a lostt of blood. receptors in your arteries and bod will notice a drop in blood pressure and send a message to the brain saying it needs to raise it. so your brain tells your heart to beat faster and it also tells your arteries to constrict. this will cuase the blood pressure to rise but will also cause more blood to go out of the wound. thus in the end less blood is going to your heart and your blood pressure continues to drop. so in the end you could die becuase of this mec hanism.

12. What is an example of a positive feedback mechanism that is actually beneficial and normal in our bodies? Explain. A positive feedback that would help benefit our bodies happens during childbirth. sensores in your uterus will notice that it is getting strecth alot when giving birth. it will send a message to the brain and then the brain will tell the uterus to contract. when the uterus contracts this actually hels the baby get pushed out and in the end helps the mother get through child birth.

Melissa Nunn Terminology that helps you visualize and communicate the location of organs and regions in the body is invaluable for a health professional to know in order to be successful. The following questions are designed to make you familiar with that terminology. 13. If I told you to stand in the anatomical position, how would you stand? Describe. You would stand straight foward with your palms facing out and your pinky fingers against your leg.

14.If I told you to lay supine, how would you lie? What about prone? You lay on your back when you are supine and on your stomach for prone.

15. What are serous membranes? What is the difference between the visceral and parietal membranes? Explain how a serous membrane surrounding an organ is like your fist being pushed through an inflated balloon. Explain what the fist and different layers of the balloon represent. Serous membranes is a thin layer of fluid that cover your organs. Visceral membranes line organs. Parietal membranes line cavities.

16 What are the names of the serous membranes surrounding: i. The heart? ii. The lungs? iii. The abdominal organs? 17. Complete the following questions from the Critical Thinking section on page 18 (answers must be in your own words) i. #1

ii. #2

iii. #3

iv. #5

v. #6

vi. #8

vii. #9 red-Sam Green-Lee Melissa-teal Dana-purple